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This Indo-Nepalese surname "Shah" is commonly mistaken with the Persian "Shah" meaning "King". It is derived from Sanskrit ''Sadhu'' (meaning gentleman〔Shakespear, John. A dictionary, Hindustani and English: with a copious index, fitting the work to serve, also, as a dictionary of English, Nepali and Hindustani. 3rd ed., much enl. London: Printed for the author by J.L. Cox and Son: Sold by Parbury, Allen, & Co., 1834, p.1035〕). The surname like various other Indian surnames was also adopted by various other people.〔Kumar, R. (2006). Costumes and textiles of royal india. ISBN 1851495096〕〔http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/12/22/india-caste-system_n_1165874.html〕 The Shah surname is adopted by the trade communities (The Banias/ Vanias) in Rajasthan and Gujarat states. Banias include the Jains and the Vaishnavas. It was widely used by the Jains even outside of Gujarat and Rajasthan, for example in Delhi/Haryana (see Nattal Sahu), Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh (see Sahu Jain) and Maharashtra. The Hindi word 'Shahukara' meaning a banker, is derived from Sahu (Sanskrit "Sadhu") and kar (Sanskrit meaning doer). It means different and does not reflect the nature of the surname which means "King".〔http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/search3advanced?dbname=shakespear&query=sahukar&matchtype=exact&display=utf8〕 Shah, a different last name, derived from the Persian word "Shah", is a surname found among the Iranian peoples of Central Asia, Afghanistan and parts of Pakistan.〔Qamar, G. A. (2011). The early cultural relations of india and iran. Dev books. ISBN 978-8192075204〕 == History == The oldest history dates back to the Shah dynasty of Ancient Nepal. This Indo-Nepalese surname "Shah" is mistakenly is derived from the Persian "Shah" meaning "King". It is derived from Sanskrit ''Sadhu'' (meaning gentleman〔Shakespear, John. A dictionary, Hindustani and English: with a copious index, fitting the work to serve, also, as a dictionary of English, Nepali and Hindustani. 3rd ed., much enl. London: Printed for the author by J.L. Cox and Son: Sold by Parbury, Allen, & Co., 1834, p.1035〕) and Prakrit ''Sahu'', while the actual spelling "Shah" in Western culture was popularized by the title of the former Persian King. As a result, especially in Western culture, use of the spelling "Shah" has become far more pronounced than the other variants.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 publisher =Ancestry.com )〕 The word ''Sadhu/Sahu'' is also separately used to indicate a Jain monk. ''See Namokar Mantra.'' In the Gujarat and Rajasthan region, the surname Shah derives from the vernacular ''sah'' (from Sanskrit ''Sadhu'', "merchant"). The surname appears to have been altered under the influence of the Persian word for "king" (Shah) or its variants. One early use of the title Sadhu occurs in an inscription on an AD 850 Parshvanth image in the Akota Bronzes.〔Akota Bronzes,Umakant P.Shah, 1959, p. 52-53〕 In numerous 12-13th century inscriptions the shravaka who installed the image, is given the title "Sahu".〔Kasturchand Jain Suman, Bharatiya Digambar Jain Abhilekh aur Tirth Parichay, Madhya-Pradesh: 13 vi shati tak, Delhi, 2001〕 For example: * A 12th century Jain altarpiece in Los Angeles County Museum of Art mentions Grahapati Sadhu Kundha〔Indian Sculpture: 700-1800, Volume 2 of Indian Sculpture: A Catalogue of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art Collection, Pratapaditya Pal, University of California Press, 1988, p. 306〕 * Vibudh Shridhar mentions his patron Nattal Sahu, a 12th-century merchant prince in Delhi. * From Gwalior: Here both Sah and Sadhu have been used in the 1510 inscription. * From Ahar, Madhya Pradesh: " Samvat 1210 vaishakha sudi 13 grahpatyanvayae sahu shrisadhu bharya mana tayoh .. ete paNamanti nityam." Here the word Sahu is equivalent to the Sanskrit word "sadhu". Some inscriptions use "sadhu" itself : * From Bahuriband (Katni, MP): "Svasti shri samvat 1070 phalgunavadi ... madhavannandinugrahitah sadhu-shri sarvadharah .." The word Sadhu here does not mean a monk but a "gentleman". Some inscriptions abbreviate sahu by just "sa" just like the abbreviation in English, "Mr." In some business communities, genealogies are recited during marriages, where all ancestors would be respectfully called "sahu". The term "sahukari"means the profession of banking/trading. In the Bundelkhand Jain community, the father-in-law (or son's/daughter's father-in-law) used to be called "sahaji". Thus the words "Shah" etc. all indicate a respected member of the mercantile community. Today it is used by Gujarati business communities. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shah (surname)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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